From Slavery To Freedom
Rabbi Reuven Hammer
A major difference between a slave people and a free people is that a free people has not only the ability but also the duty to defend itself. This is a theme that runs throughout the Torah and indeed the entire Tanakh. I was reminded of it during the recent government debates concerning the exemption of Haredim from Army service.
In the story of the Exodus, the struggle to free the Israelites is conducted entirely by God through miracles that are presented by God's spokesmen, Moses and Aaron. The people of Israel do not rise up and do not fight for their freedom. This is true even at the Sea of Reeds, the climax of redemption, when they are specifically told "The Lord will fight for you; you keep still!" (Exodus 14:14). This is emphasized when the Egyptians say, "…the Lord is fighting for them against Egypt" (Exodus 14:25) and verse 14:30 which sums up the story with the words, "Thus the Lord delivered Israel that day from the Egyptians." Yet very soon thereafter their first test as a free people is to defend themselves in the battle against Amalek, not to depend upon a miracle from the Lord. For the first time, Moses commands Joshua "Pick some men for us and do battle with Amalek" (Exodus 17:9). It is a battle in which they triumph, "And Joshua overwhelmed the people of Amalek with the sword" (Exodus 17:13).
Unfortunately this triumph does not continue throughout the wilderness story. Their fear overcomes them all too often and they express a desire to return to Egypt rather than face the difficulties of defending themselves. This reaches its moment of disaster when, listening to the report of the spies, they refuse to continue the journey and undertake the battle for the land, preferring to die in the wilderness. "Why is the Lord taking us to the land to fall by the sword?" (Numbers 14:3), they ask, and they determine to head back for Egypt. As a result, they must remain in the wilderness for forty years so that that entire generation will die out and never reach the land of promise (Numbers 14:26-35). A slave generation is not capable of fulfilling the task.
This theme repeats itself again at the conclusion of their journey in the story of the tribes that ask Moses' permission to remain behind on the other side of the Jordan, an area not considered part of the land of Canaan. Moses castigates them with the caustic rhetorical question, "Shall your brothers go to war while you remain here?" (Numbers 32:6). The sin of these tribes, in the eyes of Moses, is not that they want to remain in Transjordan, but that they, like their fathers, are not willing to fight for their freedom and will cause all Israel to turn and flee (Numbers 32:14-15). Only when they explain that indeed they are willing to fight – "We will hasten as shock-troops in the forefront of the Israelites until we have established them in their home…" (Numbers 32:17) – does he grant their request.
We find this same idea in the stories told of the period of the Judges. In the Song of Deborah, for example, the tribes that did not join in battle are castigated for their timidity (Judges 5:15-17). Those who "came not to the aid of the Lord, to the aid of the Lord among the warriors" are even bitterly cursed! (Judges 5:23).
Deuteronomy stresses the need for all the males of appropriate age to fight in Israel's wars and lists those who are exempt: one who has built a new home and not dedicated it, one who has planted a vineyard and not harvested it, one who has betrothed a woman but not married here, one who is afraid and might cause others to be frightened (Deuteronomy 20:5-8). Those are the only exemptions. The Mishnah, compiled hundreds of years later, determined that even these exemptions applied only to certain types of warfare – those that were not mandatory, but that in required wars such as wars of defense, "all must serve, even the groom from his room and the bride from her canopy" (Sotah 8:6). Yes, women too are obligated to come to the defense of the nation in times of danger according to rabbinic law.
Just as the ancient Israelites had to change from a nation of slaves and become a free people and in so doing take upon themselves the responsibility for their own defense and the lives of the entire people, so too the emergence of a free Jewish State mandated such a change. While asking for God's help, we can no longer be passive in our own defense. That is what it means to be a free people.
From a religious point of view, then, it is difficult to understand how one who purports to observe the mitzvot and obey the Torah can claim an exemption from army service in these days when it is crystal clear that without a strong defense force this nation could not survive and its civilian population would be devastated. Would not Moses, were he alive today, turn to such people and say to them, "Shall your brothers go to war while you remain here?"
